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A simple proof of the Hammersley–Clifford theorem

Vivek S. Borkar Applicationes Mathematicae MSC: Primary 60G60 DOI: 10.4064/am2577-1-2026 Published online: 23 April 2026

Abstract

Using only elementary facts about conditional independence, a simple proof of the Hammersley–Clifford theorem is given.

Authors

Vivek S. BorkarDepartment of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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