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## Fundamenta Mathematicae

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## Longer chains of idempotents in $\beta G$

### Tom 220 / 2013

Fundamenta Mathematicae 220 (2013), 243-261 MSC: Primary 54D80, 22A15; Secondary 54H13. DOI: 10.4064/fm220-3-5

#### Streszczenie

Given idempotents $e$ and $f$ in a semigroup, $e \leq f$ if and only if $e = f e = e f$. We show that if $G$ is a countable discrete group, $p$ is a right cancelable element of $G^*=\beta G\setminus G$, and $\lambda$ is a countable ordinal, then there is a strictly decreasing chain $\langle q_\sigma \rangle _{\sigma <\lambda }$ of idempotents in $C_p$, the smallest compact subsemigroup of $G^*$ with $p$ as a member. We also show that if $S$ is any infinite subsemigroup of a countable group, then any nonminimal idempotent in $S^*$ is the largest element of such a strictly decreasing chain of idempotents. (It had been an open question whether there was a strictly decreasing chain $\langle q_\sigma \rangle _{\sigma <\omega +1}$ in ${\mathbb N}^*$.) As other corollaries we show that if $S$ is an infinite right cancellative and weakly left cancellative discrete semigroup, then $\beta S$ contains a decreasing chain of idempotents of reverse order type $\lambda$ for every countable ordinal $\lambda$ and that if $S$ is an infinite cancellative semigroup then the set $U(S)$ of uniform ultrafilters contains such decreasing chains.

#### Autorzy

• Neil HindmanDepartment of Mathematics
Howard University
Washington, DC 20059, U.S.A.
e-mail
• Dona StraussDepartment of Pure Mathematics
University of Leeds
Leeds LS2 9J2, UK
e-mail
• Yevhen ZelenyukSchool of Mathematics
University of the Witwatersrand
Private Bag 3
Wits 2050, South Africa
e-mail

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