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## Fundamenta Mathematicae

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## Universal functions

### Tom 227 / 2014

Fundamenta Mathematicae 227 (2014), 197-245 MSC: Primary 03E15; Secondary 03E35, 03E50. DOI: 10.4064/fm227-3-1

#### Streszczenie

A function of two variables $F(x,y)$ is universal if for every function $G(x,y)$ there exist functions $h(x)$ and $k(y)$ such that $$G(x,y)=F(h(x),k(y))$$ for all $x,y$. Sierpiński showed that assuming the Continuum Hypothesis there exists a Borel function $F(x,y)$ which is universal. Assuming Martin's Axiom there is a universal function of Baire class 2. A universal function cannot be of Baire class 1. Here we show that it is consistent that for each $\alpha$ with $2\leq \alpha <\omega _1$ there is a universal function of class $\alpha$ but none of class $\beta <\alpha$. We show that it is consistent with ZFC that there is no universal function (Borel or not) on the reals, and we show that it is consistent that there is a universal function but no Borel universal function. We also prove some results concerning higher-arity universal functions. For example, the existence of an $F$ such that for every $G$ there are $h_1,h_2,h_3$ such that for all $x,y,z$, $$G(x,y,z)=F(h_1(x),h_2(y),h_3(z))$$ is equivalent to the existence of a binary universal $F$, however the existence of an $F$ such that for every $G$ there are $h_1,h_2,h_3$ such that for all $x,y,z$, $$G(x,y,z)=F(h_1(x,y),h_2(x,z),h_3(y,z))$$ follows from a binary universal $F$ but is strictly weaker.

#### Autorzy

• Paul B. LarsonDepartment of Mathematics
Miami University
Oxford, OH 45056, U.S.A.
e-mail
• Arnold W. MillerDepartment of Mathematics
Van Vleck Hall
480 Lincoln Drive
e-mail
• Juris SteprānsDepartment of Mathematics
York University
4700 Keele Street