JEDNOSTKA NAUKOWA KATEGORII A+

# Wydawnictwa / Czasopisma IMPAN / Fundamenta Mathematicae / Wszystkie zeszyty

## Fundamenta Mathematicae

Artykuły w formacie PDF dostępne są dla subskrybentów, którzy zapłacili za dostęp online, po podpisaniu licencji Licencja użytkownika instytucjonalnego. Czasopisma do 2009 są ogólnodostępne (bezpłatnie).

## Borel subsets of the real line and continuous reducibility

### Tom 244 / 2019

Fundamenta Mathematicae 244 (2019), 209-241 MSC: Primary 03E15; Secondary 54H05. DOI: 10.4064/fm644-10-2018 Opublikowany online: 13 December 2018

#### Streszczenie

We study classes of Borel subsets of the real line $\mathbb {R}$ such as levels of the Borel hierarchy and the class of sets that are reducible to the set $\mathbb {Q}$ of rationals, endowed with the \emph {Wadge quasi-order} of reducibility with respect to continuous functions on $\mathbb {R}$. Notably, we explore several structural properties of Borel subsets of $\mathbb {R}$ that diverge from those of Polish spaces with dimension zero. Our first main result is on the existence of embeddings of several posets into the restriction of this quasi-order to any Borel class that is strictly above the classes of open and closed sets, for instance the linear order $\omega _1$, its reverse $\omega _1^\star$ and the poset $\mathcal {P}(\omega )/\mathsf {fin}$ of inclusion modulo finite error. As a consequence of this proof, it is shown that there are no complete sets for these classes. We further extend the previous theorem to targets that are reducible to $\mathbb {Q}$. These non-structure results motivate the study of further restrictions of the Wadge quasi-order. In another main result, we introduce a combinatorial property that is shown to characterize those $F_\sigma$ sets that are reducible to $\mathbb {Q}$. This is applied to construct a minimal set below $\mathbb {Q}$ and prove its uniqueness up to Wadge equivalence. We finally prove several results concerning gaps and cardinal characteristics of the Wadge quasi-order and thereby answer questions of Brendle and Geschke.

#### Autorzy

• Daisuke IkegamiSIT Research Laboratories
Shibaura Institute of Technology
3-7-5 Toyosu, Koutou-ward
135-8548 Tokyo, Japan
e-mail
• Philipp SchlichtSchool of Mathematics
University of Bristol
University Walk
Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
e-mail
• Hisao Tanaka3-1-1 Kitanodai, Hachioji-shi
Tokyo 192-0913, Japan
e-mail

## Przeszukaj wydawnictwa IMPAN

Zbyt krótkie zapytanie. Wpisz co najmniej 4 znaki.

Odśwież obrazek