# Wydawnictwa / Czasopisma IMPAN / Fundamenta Mathematicae / Wszystkie zeszyty

## Universally measurable sets in generic extensions

### Tom 208 / 2010

Fundamenta Mathematicae 208 (2010), 173-192 MSC: Primary 03E35; Secondary 28A05. DOI: 10.4064/fm208-2-4

#### Streszczenie

A subset of a topological space is said to be universally measurable if it is measured by the completion of each countably additive $\sigma$-finite Borel measure on the space, and universally null if it has measure zero for each such atomless measure. In 1908, Hausdorff proved that there exist universally null sets of real numbers of cardinality $\aleph_{1}$, and thus that there exist at least $2^{\aleph_{1}}$ such sets. Laver showed in the 1970's that consistently there are just continuum many universally null sets of reals. The question of whether there exist more than continuum many universally measurable sets of reals was asked by Mauldin in 1978. We show that consistently there exist only continuum many universally measurable sets. This result also follows from work of Ciesielski and Pawlikowski on the iterated Sacks model. In the models we consider (forcing extensions by suitably-sized random algebras) every set of reals is universally measurable if and only if it and its complement are unions of ground model continuum many Borel sets.

#### Autorzy

• Paul LarsonDepartment of Mathematics
Miami University
Oxford, OH 45056, U.S.A.
e-mail
• Itay NeemanDepartment of Mathematics
University of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1555, U.S.A.
e-mail
• Saharon ShelahThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Einstein Institute of Mathematics
Edmond J. Safra Campus
Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
and
Department of Mathematics
Hill Center-Busch Campus
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey